Physcomitrella patens, spreading earthmoss, is a model organism for studying plant evolution, development, and physiology due to its genetic and physiological resemblances to vascular plants. Efficient homologous recombination supports gene targeting for molecular plant evolution research and moss knockout creation. Additionly, it contributes to biotechnology by benefiting crop enhancement, human health, and biopharmaceutical production in moss bioreactors via gene knockout technology.